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The human givens approach is an holistic model of human well-being and brief, solution-focused, psychotherapy based on evidence from evolution, anthropology, biology, psychology and sociology. It was first introduced in 1998/9 in the monograph ''Psychotherapy, Counselling and the Human Givens (Organising Idea)'' and amplified in the 2003 book ''Human Givens: A new approach to emotional health and clear thinking''. The human givens ''organising ideas''〔Use of the term 'organising idea' as a way of referring to human thinking/perceptual processes seems to have originated with Henri Bortoft and is much used in human givens literature. 〕 proffer a description of the nature of human beings, the 'givens' of human genetic heritage and therefore what humans need in order to be happy and healthy. Human givens theory proposes the following. Evolution has endowed all humans, regardless of race or culture, with a common set of innate physical and emotional needs along with a set of innate physical, emotional and psychological resources. Like all organisms, humans deploy their 'given' resources in order to meet their 'given' needs in the environment in the course of their daily lives. When all the innate needs are met in a balanced way people will flourish but when this does not happens distress and eventually illness results. The basic human givens proposition is, then, that ''all'' emotional distress and mental illness are caused by a failure to get innate needs, particularly emotional needs, met in balance. This may go hand in hand with problems relating to missing, misused or damaged innate resources. The focus of human givens therapy is, therefore, the discovery and rectification/removal of any impediments to these needs being met in an individual's life. The human givens movement believes that human lives can be made happier, and our future (together with that of the other species with whom we share this planet) can be made more sustainable if societies, organisations, communities, professions, families and individuals are more aware of and sensitive to our innate needs, resources and tendencies. The human givens approach grew out of a psychotherapeutic method - an integrative, bio-psycho-social model of therapy. Within the framework of needs and resources it uses some interventions from known effective therapeutic methods. The organising ideas〔 are new, along with some of the detailed theory (most notably on the function of dreaming), whilst other areas (such as how addictions are created and maintained and the cycle of depression) represents new formulations of existing scientific knowledge. The human givens approach is not considered by its proponents to be just another model of psychotherapy but rather the beginnings of a unified science of human well-being with ramifications well beyond mental illness.〔 (Just as architects and engineers need to understand the laws of ''physical nature'' (such as gravity) in order to design and build successful structures, so anyone working in the human sphere needs to work in harmony with the laws of ''human nature'' if they want these efforts to succeed in the fullest sense.) ==Motivation and purpose== The human givens approach was pioneered because of what was seen as "the primitive stage of development" of the field of psychology, psychotherapy and counselling in which there are an estimated 400+ different models to choose from (which is highly confusing for people seeking effective help). This "state of chaos" was thought to indicate that something was fundamentally wrong with these approaches to understanding human nature, mental illness and how to treat it. In contrast, mature sciences (such as physics and biochemistry) have a common ground of understanding. The human givens approach arose from the perception that such a set of organising ideas〔 was lacking in psychology and psychotherapy. It attempts to provide this missing common ground by asking, and suggesting answers to, some fundamental questions: * Q1: What is a human being? * A1: A human being is a life form. * Q2: How is a life form distinct from a non-life form - from an inanimate object such as a stone? * A2: A life form needs to continually obtain nourishment from its environment in order to maintain itself. * Q3: How does a life form obtain such nourishment? * A3: It is born with a set of resources that help it to do this - a ‘guidance system’ that helps it to seek and find appropriate nourishment in the world. The fundamental, orientating question asked and addressed by the human givens approach is therefore "what do ''we'' need and how do ''we'' go about getting it?" (with the emphasis on ''we'' because evidence suggests human beings cannot be truly well in isolation from one another). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Human givens」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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